Reed warbler nest and chicks. Photo credit: Jessica Stuart-Smith
Why are breeding bird surveys necessary?
In the UK, wild birds are covered under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). It is illegal to kill, injure or take wild birds. All wild bird nests and eggs are protected whilst in use and Schedule 1 birds are provided additional protection from disturbance on the nest. Some frequently encountered species on this list include kingfishers, peregrine falcons, red kites and swifts. Other legislation also applies including the European Birds Directive (2009) and the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (NERC Act 2006).
This legislation is in place because birds are still increasingly at risk in the UK. The Birds of Conservation Concern (a list used in the UK to assess the conservation status of bird species), continues to map species decline. In 1996 there were 36 species on the Red-List. By 2021 this had increased significantly to 70.
Birds also play a crucial role in our ecosystems, and any project that disrupts their habitats can have lasting consequences. From urban sprawl to road building and even small-scale agricultural changes, development can negatively impact birds in various ways – from disturbing their nests to completely displacing populations.
Greenfield sites, those located in rural areas, or areas with unique habitats are especially vulnerable. However, by identifying any birds utilising proposed development sites for breeding early on, impacts assessments can be carried out and mitigation planned in line with project timelines and budgets.
When might you need a breeding bird survey (BBS) if you are planning a development?
It is best to assume that they are required in the first instance, unless there is a strong justification as to why they’re not. Where a development is going to have a high impact level (e.g. solar / wind farm projects, any large housing schemes, any proposals that are going to result in destruction / fragmentation of habitats on a site), they will be absolutely essential for any planning submission.
An initial desk study can help establish whether a breeding bird survey may be needed by looking at the context of the site, the potential habitats, the data search return results for bird species within the local area and also identifying any potential connectivity to protected sites etc.
What does a breeding bird survey entail?
A breeding bird survey is a detailed process that involves assessing the presence, abundance, and breeding activity of birds within a specific area during the breeding season (typically from late March to early August). The survey needs to be carried out by appropriately trained specialists who know what to look for and how to identify species, especially those that might be vulnerable or protected.
The survey aims to establish a baseline of bird populations. It helps assess the potential impacts on breeding birds and their habitats, ensuring the development from the outset complies with wildlife protection laws.
The process of bird survey scoping
What does a full suite of breeding bird surveys look like?
• Six bird survey visits to site
• Generally, breeding bird surveys start between half an hour before sunrise, and half an hour after sunrise.
• At least one of the six visits should be undertaken into the evening and should be continued after sunset.
• The surveys should be spread as evenly as possible between late March and early July.
Any deviation in the number and /or timing of surveys must be supported with detailed and robust justification.
Impacts to project timelines and costs
Conducting a breeding bird survey may add some time initially to pre-development planning but ultimately may save money and time in the longer term.
Surveys are typically carried out over several weeks during the breeding season. The cost will vary depending on the size of the site and the complexity of the survey, but it will ensure the project complies with regulations and is ecologically responsible.
Early planning is always the best approach.
What happens if birds are found on site?
If the survey reveals breeding birds or sensitive habitats, there are a number of ways to move forward. Depending on the species involved and the potential impact, it may be necessary to:
Adjust the construction schedule to avoid disturbing nests during the breeding season.
Implement mitigation measures, such as creating bird-friendly spaces or providing alternative nesting habitats.
Ultimately, it is best practice to get in touch with suitably qualified ecologists who will be able to advise on the most pragmatic and cost-effective solutions which cause the least disruption to bird populations.
Summary
A breeding bird survey may be essential in order to ensure that your development, regardless of size, is legally compliant. It can also help protect and enhance local biodiversity and contribute to enhancing habitats in the long term.
If you need to commission a breeding bird survey for your project or think you might, the first step is to consult with an ecological consultancy such as Ecology by Design. We are experienced in ornithology and can assess the local area and the specific bird species that may be affected. We’ll also be able to make recommendations to ensure your project meets all the legal requirements relating to bird protection.
To get in touch, drop us an email at hello@ecologybydesign.co.uk or call 01865893346.
…/end Feb 2025